F9: May I begin the interview now?
1 = 1: Respondent agrees to be interviewed
2 = 2: Respondent does not agree to be interviewed
9 = 9: No information

Q1: While talking to people about the recent elections to the Vidhan Sabha, we find that some people were not able to vote. How about you - were you able to vote or not?
1 = 1: Could not vote
2 = 2: Voted
8 = 8: Don't remember

Q1a: (If Voted) Whom did you vote for?
1 = 01: Congress(INC)
2 = 02: BJP
3 = 03: JD (United)
4 = 04: CPI
5 = 05: CPI(M)
6 = 06: BSP
7 = 07: NCP
8 = 08: Samajwadi Party (SP)
9 = 09: RLD
10 = 10: Janwadi Party
96 = 96: Independents
97 = 97: Any other party
98 = 98: Don't know
99 = 99: Not voted

Q1b: (If Not Voted) What was the main reason due to which you could not vote in this election?
0 = 0: Out of station
1 = 1: Not well
2 = 2: No interest/did not feel like voting
3 = 3: Prevented /Fear of violence
4 = 4: No identity card/ identity proof
5 = 5: No good choice
6 = 6: Someone had voted in place of me before I went to vote
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q1c: (If Voted)When did you finally make up your mind about whom to vote for?
1 = 1: On the day of voting
2 = 2: A day or two before voting
3 = 3: Earlier, during the campaign
4 = 4: Even before the campaign started
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q1d: (If Voted) Did the election officer correctly put the mark on your finger?
1 = 1: Checked, but mark not found
2 = 2: Checked and mark found
8 = 8: Could not check the mark
9 = 9: N.A.

Q2: (If Voted) While deciding whom to vote for, did you take/follow anyone’s advice?
1 = 1: No
2 = 2: Yes
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q2a: (If yes) In deciding who to vote for in the just concluded elections, whose opinion mattered to you most?
0 = 0: Local Political Leader
1 = 1: Husband/wife
2 = 2: Other family members
3 = 3: Community leaders
4 = 4: Friends/neighbours
5 = 5: Co-workers/colleagues
6 = 6: No one, I voted on my own
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q3: (If Voted) Overall what do you think, you have voted on your own or other's opinion have effected your vote?
1 = 1: Own decision only
2 = 2: Influenced by others opinion
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q4: (If Voted) People have different considerations while deciding whom to vote for. What mattered to you more while deciding whom to vote for in the recent election - party or candidate?
1 = 1: Party
2 = 2: Candidate
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A

Q4a: (If ‘Party’ in Q4) What was the most important consideration in favour of the party?
1 = 1: People of my caste/community supported that party
2 = 2: The group or the faction in the village/mohalla supported
3 = 3: My family members are traditional supporters/voters of th
4 = 4: I/members of my family have benefitted, or expect to bene
5 = 5: The party has good leadership
6 = 6: The overall programme of the party is good
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q4b: (If ‘Candidate’ in Q4) What was the most important consideration in favour of the candidate?
1 = 1: People of my caste/community supported that candidate
2 = 2: The group or the faction in the village/mohalla supported
3 = 3: We have family ties or good relations with the candidate
4 = 4: I/members of my family have benefitted, or expect to bene
5 = 5: I am impressed by the candidate’s personality
6 = 6: The candidate is accessible
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q5: Now let us talk about the election campaign during this election. How interested were you in the election campaign this time – a great deal, somewhat or not at all?
1 = 1: Great deal
2 = 2: Somewhat
3 = 3: Not at all
8 = 8: Can't say/D.K.

Q6a: During the elections people participate in various activities related to election. Did you attend election meetings?
1 = 1: Yes
2 = 2: No
8 = 8: No opinion

Q7: Did any candidate, party worker or canvasser come to your house during the campaign to ask for your vote?
1 = 1: No
2 = 2: Yes
8 = 8: Don't remember

Q8: After this election who would you prefer as the next Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh?
1 = 01: Mayawati
2 = 02: Mulayam Singh Yadav
3 = 03: Kalyan Singh
4 = 04: Ajit Singh
5 = 05: Rahul Gandhi
6 = 06: Rajnath Singh
7 = 07: Akhilesh Yadav
8 = 08: Salman Khursid
9 = 09: Rita Bahuguna
10 = 10: Pramod Tiwari
11 = 11: Beni Prasad Verma
12 = 12: Azam Khan
13 = 13: Uma Bharti
14 = 14: Kalraj Mishra
15 = 15: Lal Ji Tondan
97 = 97: Any other candidate
98 = 98: Can't say/Don't know
99 = 99: Refused to answer/Blank

Q10: What is your opinion about the performance of the Mayawati led BSP Government in Uttar Pradesh during the last five years – would you say that you are satisfied or dissatisfied with it?
1 = 1: Fully satisfied
2 = 2: Somewhat satisfied
3 = 3: Somewhat dissatisfied
4 = 4: Fully dissatisfied
8 = 8: No opinion/D.K.

Q15: How do you rate the Congress-led UPA government at the Centre (Delhi) in terms of corruption. Is it very corrupt, somewhat corrupt, Not much corrupt or not corrupt at all?
1 = 1: Very corrupt
2 = 2: Somewhat corrupt
3 = 3: Not much corrupt
4 = 4: Not at all corrupt
8 = 8: No opinion

Q17a: Now I will read out certain issues. You have to tell me how much did Price Rise affect your vote during this election - very much, somewhat, not at all?
1 = 1: Very much
2 = 2: Somewhat
3 = 3: Not at all
8 = 8: No opinion

Q17a(a): Which of these issues was the most important for you during the elections?
1 = 1: Price Rise
2 = 2: Farmer problems
3 = 3: Unemployment
4 = 4: Corruption
5 = 5: Development of the state
6 = 6: Electricity, water issue
7 = 7: Law and order situation
8 = 8: Condition of roads
9 = 9: No opinion/N.A.

Q18: Thinking of how you or your family have voted in previous elections, how would you have describe yourself – are you a BSP supporter, SP supporter, a BJP supporter, Congress supporter?
1 = 1: BSP supporter
2 = 2: SP supporter
3 = 3: BJP supporter
4 = 4: Congress supporter
5 = 5: RLD supporter
6 = 6: Supporter of some other party
7 = 7: Not a supporter of any particular party
8 = 8: Can't say/D.K.

Q19: Who do you think is more responsible for price rise - UPA government at the Centre or the BSP government in the State?
1 = 1: UPA-led Central Governmet
2 = 2: BSP Govt. in state
3 = 3: Both
4 = 4: Neither
8 = 8: Can't say

Q20: Now I will ask you about five main political parties in UP – Congress, BJP, BSP, SP and RLD. In your opinion which of these parties protect best the interest of your caste or community?
1 = 1: Congress
2 = 2: BJP
3 = 3: BSP
4 = 4: SP
5 = 5: RLD
6 = 6: Others
8 = 8: No opinion

Q21: Suppose in this election on account of the candidate being unsuitable you could not vote for your favorite party, in that case to which other party would you vote?
1 = 01: Congress(INC)
2 = 02: BJP
3 = 03: JD (United)
4 = 04: CPI
5 = 05: CPI(M)
6 = 06: BSP
7 = 07: NCP
8 = 08: Samajwadi Party (SP)
9 = 09: RLD
10 = 10: Janwadi Party
96 = 96: Independents
97 = 97: Any other party
98 = 98: Don't know
99 = 99: N.A.

Q22: If a comparison is made between the previous SP govt. led by Mulayam Singh (2003-2007) with the present BSP govt. led by Mayawati (2007-2012), which of the two govts. is better according to you?
1 = 1: Mulayam Singh led SP govt.(2003-2007)
2 = 2: Mayawati led BSP govt.(2007-2012)
3 = 3: Both equally good
4 = 4: Both equally bad
8 = 8: No opnion

Q23: People have different opinions about Rahul Gandhi becoming Prime Minister of the country. Some say that he is now ready to be the Prime Minister, others say that he is inexperienced. Which one of these do you agree with the most?
1 = 1: Rahul Gandhi should become PM now
2 = 2: Rahul Gandhi is not ready to be PM now
3 = 3: Rahul Gandhi is simply not suited for the job
8 = 8: Can’t Say/DK

Q24: If the Congress wins this assembly elections then who according to you should become the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh?
1 = 1: Rahul Gandhi
2 = 2: Rita Bahuguna
3 = 3: Salman Khurshid
4 = 4: Pramod Tiwari
5 = 5: Beni Prasad Verma
6 = 6: Someone else
8 = 8: Can't say

Q25: If the Samajwadi party wins this assembly elections then who according to you should become the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh?
1 = 1: Mulayam Singh Yadav
2 = 2: Akhilesh Yadav
3 = 3: Azam Khan
4 = 4: Someone else
8 = 8: Can't say

Q26: If the BJP wins this assembly elections then who according to you should become the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh?
1 = 1: Uma Bharti
2 = 2: Kalraj Mishra
3 = 3: Rajnath Singh
4 = 4: Lalji Tandon
5 = 5: Someone else
8 = 8: Can't say

Q27a: Now I will ask you about the assessment of the work done by the BSP govt. in Uttar Pradesh during last five years. Do you think that the Development of Uttar Pradesh have improved, deteriorated or remained the same?
1 = 1: Improved
2 = 2: No difference
3 = 3: Deteriorated
8 = 8: D.K.

Q28a: I will read out certain statements to you. Do you agree or disagree with the statement-In Mayawati’s tenure all sections of society have prospered?
1 = 1: Fully agree
2 = 2: Somewhat agree
3 = 3: Somewhat disagree
4 = 4: Fully disagree
8 = 8: No opinion

Q29: Now I will ask you to compare Rahul Gandhi, Akhilesh Yadav, Jayant Chowdhary and Varun Gandhi - the four young leaders. Which one of them do you trust most as the future leader?
1 = 1: Rahul Gandhi
2 = 2: Akhilesh Yadav
3 = 3: Jayant Chaudhary
4 = 4: Varun Gandhi
5 = 5: None
8 = 8: No opinion

Q30a: Recently in U.P. some incidents became prominent topics of discussion. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the steps taken by the govt on the issues of The demand for increased compensation by thefarmers in Bhatta Parsaul in return of their land?
1 = 1: Fully satisfied
2 = 2: Somewhat satisfied
3 = 3: Fully dissatisfied
4 = 4: Somewhat dissatisfied
8 = 8: No opinion

Q31: There are different opinions about Congress party in Uttar Pradesh. Some people feel that since in last ten years SP, BSP and BJP has ruled the state now Congress should be given a chance. What is your opinion?
1 = 1: Congress should get a chance
2 = 2: Congress weak and can't rule
3 = 3: Congress should not get a chance
8 = 8: No opinion

Q32: If you compare last four governments of Uttar Pradesh – Mayawati (2007-2012), Mulayam Singh (2003-2007), Mayawati (2002-2003) and Rajnath Singh (2000-2002) – which of these according to you is the best?
1 = 1: Mayawati (2007-2011)
2 = 2: Mulayam (2003-2007)
3 = 3: Mayawati (2002-2003)
4 = 4: Rajnath (2000-2002)
5 = 5: All equally good
6 = 6: All equally bad
8 = 8: No opinion

Q33: Recently Chief Minister Mayawati proposed the division of Uttar Pradesh in to four smaller states. Have you heard about this proposal?
1 = 1: Heard
2 = 2: Not heard

Q33a: (If heard) Are you agree of this proposal?
1 = 1: Fully agree
2 = 2: Somewhat agree
3 = 3: Somewhat disagree
4 = 4: Fully disagree
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q34: People have different opinions about Mayawati’s govt. Some say that during Mayawati’s govt. only negative/bad things have happened in Uttar Pradesh- corruption and goondagardi has increased. What is your opinion?
1 = 1: Totally bad and corrupt/ goondagardi increased
2 = 2: Overall improvement
3 = 3: No development but exploitation/atrocity stopped
8 = 8: No opinion

Q35: People have different opinion about crime in Uttar Pradesh. Some people feel that crime is less in Uttar Pradesh as compared to other states while others say that crime is more in Uttar Pradesh. What is your opinion?
1 = 1: Crime in U.P. is less
2 = 2: Crime in U.P. is more
3 = 3: No difference
8 = 8: Can't say/D.K.

Q36: Suppose in this election no one party gets a clear majority, in this case which two parties do you think would form the coalition government?
0 = 0: BSP and Congress coalition
1 = 1: SP and Congress coalition
2 = 2: BSP and BJP coalition
3 = 3: SP and BSP coalition
4 = 4: SP and BJP coalition
5 = 5: Congress and BJP coalition
6 = 6: President’s rule
7 = 7: There should be re-election
8 = 8: Others
9 = 9: No opinion/N.A.

Q37a: Are you in favour of a new Poorvanchal state separated from Uttar Pradesh?
1 = 1: Yes
2 = 2: No
8 = 8: Can't say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q38a: Now I will ask you to compare the four main parties of Uttar Pradesh – Congress, BJP, BSP and SP. Which party do you think is most Corrupt?
1 = 1: Congress
2 = 2: BJP
3 = 3: BSP
4 = 4: SP
8 = 8: Can't say/D.K.

Q39: Is there any party to which you would never vote?
1 = 1: No
2 = 2: Yes
8 = 8: Can't say

Q40a: Now I will read out a few schemes that were launched by the central and the state governments. Please tell me are you aware of the Indira Gandhi old age pension scheme?
1 = 1: Yes
2 = 2: No

Q40a(a): (If yes) Did you or your family benefit from this scheme?
1 = 1: Benefited
2 = 2: Not benefited
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q40h: (If heard in Q40d) In your opinion Which Govt. had implimented National Health insurane Scheme?
1 = 1: Central Govt.
2 = 2: State Govt.
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q40i: (If benefited in Q40da) How much money you had spend to get the National Health insurane Card?
1 = 1: Rs. 30
2 = 2: Less than Rs. 30
3 = 3: Above Rs. 30
8 = 8: Can't Say
9 = 9: N.A.

Q41: The Election Commission gave orders to cover the statues of elephants and Mayawati before the Uttar Pradesh assembly elections. According to you this decision was right or wrong?
1 = 1: Election Commission was right
2 = 2: Election Commission was wrong
3 = 3: Not heard of EC decision
8 = 8: No opinion

Q42: About one and half years ago the Allahbad High court gave a decision on the Ram janmabhumi-Babri Masjid disputed land. Did you hear about this decision?
1 = 1: Heard
2 = 2: Not heard
8 = 8: Can't say/D.K.

Q42a: (If heard) Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the decision given by the Allahbad High court?
1 = 1: Fully satisfied
2 = 2: Somewhat satisfied
3 = 3: Somewhat dissatisfied
4 = 4: Fully dissatisfied
5 = 5: Don't know the verdict
8 = 8: No opinion/D.K
9 = 9: N.A.

Q43: According to you what should be built on the disputed land now in Ayodhya?
1 = 1: Neither mosque nor temple
2 = 2: Mosque should be built
3 = 3: Temple should be built
4 = 4: Both mosque as well as temple should be built
7 = 7: Others
8 = 8: No opinion

Q45h: (If heard of Anna Hazare) Who is Anna Hazare?
1 = 1: Correct answer
2 = 2: Incorrect answer
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q47: In August last year, Anna Hazare went on an indefinite fast in Delhi’s Ramlila Maidan. Did you hear about this news?
1 = 1: No
2 = 2: Yes

Q47a: (If yes in Q47) Did you take interest in Anna Hazare’s fast held in August last year?
1 = 1: Took interest
2 = 2: Did not take interest
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q47b: (If yes in Q47)Were you in support of Anna Hazare’s movement that took place in August last year?
1 = 1: Support
2 = 2: Against
3 = 3: Neither support nor against
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q48: Did you take part in any meeting/rally/demonstration related to Anna Hazare’s movement?
1 = 1: Took part
2 = 2: Did not take part
8 = 8: No opinion

Q49: If we talk about today, are you in support of Anna Hazare’s movement?
1 = 1: Support
2 = 2: Against
3 = 3: Neither support nor against
8 = 8: No opinion

Q50: (If heard about Lokpal in Q46) There are two drafts of Lokpal bill, one by Anna Hazare and his team and the other by the government. In your opinion which of the two drafts is better?
1 = 1: Anna Hazare draft
2 = 2: Government's
3 = 3: Both good
4 = 4: Both bad
5 = 5: Not heard about the two drafts
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q51a: (If yes) Yet the Lokpal bill not passed in the parliament- people have different view on it. Some people says govt. do not want strong bill against the corruption, others say the opposition have not supported. What is your opinion?
1 = 1: Ruling government does not want
2 = 2: Opposition does not want
3 = 3: Any party does not want
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q52: The way of ruling govt. handle the situation of fast/movement by Baba Ramdev at Ramlila maidan in Delhi, in your opinion was it right or wrong?
1 = 1: Right
2 = 2: Wrong
3 = 3: Not heard
8 = 8: No opinion

Q54a: (1) Strong and independent Lokpal will substantially reduce corruption in our country. (2) It is hard to Control over corruption. It does not impact over corruption. Do you agree?
1 = 1: Agree with (1)
2 = 2: Agree with (2)
8 = 8: No opinion

Q56a(a): (If yes) Do you support or oppose it?
1 = 1: Oppose
2 = 2: Support
8 = 8: No opinion
9 = 9: N.A.

Q57: There is the view that voters vote for a party or candidate because he/she has received personal gifts such as money/food/liquor/drugs from that party or candidate. In your area/locality/ village, how many poeple accept the distribution of such gifts?
1 = 1: No one
2 = 2: Very few
3 = 3: Some
4 = 4: Many
5 = 5: Almost every one
8 = 8: No opinion

Q58: Do people who receive such gifts feel obliged to vote for the party or candidate that provided them or do they finally vote as they wish regardless of the benefits they receive from parties and candidates?
1 = 1: Feel obliged
2 = 2: Vote as they wish
8 = 8: No opinion

Q59: As compared to five years ago, how is the economic condition of your household today – would you say it has become much better, better, remained same, become worse or much worse?
1 = 1: Much Better
2 = 2: Better
3 = 3: Same
4 = 4: Worse
5 = 5: Much Worse
8 = 8: No opinion

Q60: In whatever financial condition you are placed today, on the whole are you satisfied or dissatisfied with it?
1 = 1: Fully satisfied
2 = 2: Somewhat satisfied
3 = 3: Somewhat dissatisfied
4 = 4: Fully dissatisfied
8 = 8: No opinion

Q62: In an ordinary week, how regularly do you read the newspaper - daily/almost everyday, 3-4 times a week, at least once a week or never?
1 = 1: Daily/almost everyday
2 = 2: At least 3-4 times in a week
3 = 3: At least once a week
4 = 4: Never

Q65: How often do you use the internet – daily, at least 3-4 times in a week, at least once a week or never?
1 = 1: Daily/almost everyday
2 = 2: At least 3-4 times in a week
3 = 3: At least once a week
4 = 4: Never
5 = 5: Not heard about the internet

Z1: Now let us talk about this village/ town you live in. How long have you lived here?
1 = 1: Less than 5 years
2 = 2: 5 to 10 years
3 = 3: More than 10 years
4 = 4: Entire life

Z3: Gender
1 = 1: Male
2 = 2: Female

Z4: What is your marital status?
1 = 1: Married
2 = 2: Married, gauna not performed
3 = 3: Widowed
4 = 4: Divorced
5 = 5: Separated
6 = 6: Deserted
7 = 7: Never married
9 = 9: No information

Z5: Up to what level have you studied? (Respondent)
0 = 0: Non literate
1 = 1: Below Primary
2 = 2: Primary pass/Middle fail
3 = 3: Middle pass/Matric fail
4 = 4: Matric
5 = 5: College no-degree
6 = 6: Graduate
7 = 7: Post Graduate
8 = 8: Professional degrees
9 = 9: NA

Z6: What is your main occupation?
5 = 05: Accountants(with degree and working in good firm)
29 = 29: Other administrative, managerial and clerical workers
50 = 50: Mechanics, machine tool operators, drivers
69 = 69: Other semi-skilled and unskilled workers

Z6b: (If Housewife) Aside from your housework, do you do anything that contributes to the family income?
1 = 1: No
2 = 2: Yes
9 = 9: N.A.

Z6c: (If Yes) What do you mainly do?
1 = 1: Works in the family farm/fields
2 = 2: Runs petty shop/sundry business/ day care centre in the f
3 = 3: Piecemeal work like rolling papad, incense sticks, making
4 = 4: Helps husband in his business/profession
7 = 7: Any other work
9 = 9: N.A.

Z7: What is your Caste/Jati-biradari/Tribe name?
500 = 500 Jatav, Chamar, Dhusia, Jhusia, Jatava
870 = 870 Christians No Caste/Other Christians

Z7a: And what is your caste group?
1 = 1: Scheduled Caste (SC)
2 = 2: Scheduled Tribe (ST)
3 = 3: Other Backward Caste
4 = 4: Others
9 = 9: N.A.

Z8: What is your religion?
1 = 1: Hindu
2 = 2: Muslim
3 = 3: Christian
4 = 4: Sikh
5 = 5: Buddhist/Neo Buddhist
6 = 6: Jain
7 = 7: Animism
8 = 8: No religion
9 = 9: Others

Z9: Do you have voter identity card?
1 = 1: Yes I have
2 = 2: Photographed but did not get it
3 = 3: Have, but it has mistake
4 = 4: Do not have
5 = 5: Had but lost it
7 = Others
9 = 9: No information

Z10: Do you have ration card?
1 = 1: Above Poverty Line
2 = 2: Below Poverty Line
3 = 3: Antyodaya
4 = 4: Annapurna
5 = 5: Do not have
6 = 6: Had, but lost it
7 = 7: Others
9 = 9: No information

Z11: Area/Locality
1 = 1: Village
2 = 2: Town(Below 1 Lakh)
3 = 3: City (above 1 Lakh)
4 = 4: Metropolitan city(above 10 lakhs)

Z12: Total number of family member(Adult)
0 = 0: Blank/NA
1 = 1: One
2 = 2: Two
3 = 3: Three
4 = 4: Four
5 = 5: Five
6 = 6: Six
7 = 7: Seven
8 = 8: Eight
9 = 9: Nine and above

Z14: Type of house where R lives (own or rented)
1 = 1: Hut/Juggi Jhopri
2 = 2: Kutcha house
3 = 3: Kutcha-Pucca
4 = 4: Mixed house
5 = 5: Pucca independent house
6 = 6: Flats
7 = 7: Modern house
9 = 9: N.A.

Z16a: Do you or members of your household have Cars/jeeps/vans?
0 = 0: No
1 = 1: Yes

X2: Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening duringthe interview?
1 = 1: No one
2 = 2: Children
3 = 3: Husband/wife
4 = 4: Other adult family members
5 = 5: Small crowd
9 = 9: N.A.

X3: In how many questions did the respondent check with others for information to answer for questions?
1 = 1: None
2 = 2: One or two
3 = 3: Three to five
4 = 4: Five to ten
5 = 5: More than 10
9 = 9: N.A.

X4: While answering the questions on voting preference in the Assembly election, did the respondent use the ballot paper secretly or did she/he answer openly?
1 = 1: Secretly
2 = 2: Openly
9 = 9: N.A.

X5: In your opinion did the respondent feel free while marking the ballot or do you think that she/he was hesitant while marking the ballot, or you can't say?
1 = 1: Felt free
2 = 2: Did not feel free
8 = 8: Can't say

X6: At some stage did you notice something that made you feel that the respondent was answering under some fear or pressure?
1 = 1: Yes
2 = 2: No
3 = 3: not sure
9 = 9: N.A.

X7: Overall was the respondent cooperative?
1 = 1: Yes, very much
2 = 2: Somewhat
3 = 3: Not at all
9 = 9: N.A.